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An example is the anthocyanin flower patterns (dominant no pattern, recessives plicata, luminata, and glaciata) at the plicata locus. In tetraploid bearded irises there may be only four different alleles on the four homologous chromosomes at the same gene locus, such as the plicata locus. Dominant alleles (Pl for no plicata pattern) require only one allele or dose (Pl,pl,pl,pl,) of the four doses to be expressed. Sometimes, each additional dominant dose makes the trait more or less prominent by a dosage effect as with the dominant inhibitor (Is) of anthocyanin only in the standards. The recessive alleles usually require four doses (pl,pl,pl,pl) to be expressed unless the other alleles are recessives, than there can be a peck order or an overlapping expression of the recessive alleles. Some dominant alleles at the same locus are codominant producing a mixing inheritance with a trait intermediate between the two dominant traits. Likewise, some recessive alleles at the same locus are corecessive with the traits overlapping equally or unequally creating an intermediate trait. The colloquial term for allele is factor.
In the autopolyploid all sets of chromosomes have similar, homologous chromosomes.
With combination the reduced chromosomal numbered male and female gametes redouble the chromosome number to produce the zygote. The zygote develops into the embryo that develops into the new sporophyte plant that by meiosis (reduction and division) produces microgametophytes that produce the male gametes and macrogametophytes that produce the female gametes.
The result is a chromosome number less or more than the multiple of sets would dictate. The mismatches at meiosis when the homologous chromosomes line up and synapse may make the hybrid sterile.
It is difficult to give an operational definition of the term amoena, meaning ‘pleasing’. Originally, amoena meant only cultivars with white standards and anthocyanin pigmented falls, and later just colored falls that included pink and yellow amoenas. Possibly, the best modern description is anthocyanin pigment in the falls and none in the standards. In such an amoena, the standards can be white, cream, yellow, pink, peach, red-orange, or orange. Also, in the falls the anthocyanin pigment pattern can overlay any carotenoid pattern. Amoena luminatas have only the fall’s anthocyanin pattern displayed as a luminata color pattern. Amoena plicatas have a plicata color pattern only in the falls. The anthocyanin amoena patterns are produced by two different genes; in one, the pattern is recessive requiring four recessive doses for expression and in the other, the pattern is dominant with dosage effects so that only with four doses (Is Is Is Is) are the standards free of anthocyanin pigment. Complicating the usage of the term, there are patterns also called amoena in the carotenoid pigment colors that require four recessive alleles for the standards to be white. These are named for the falls color, such as yellow amoena, pink amoena, and orange amoena.
There are several groups of these water soluble, cell-sap pigments that are lumped together under the term ‘anthocyanin’ that is the major group.
When fully developedthe lobes rupture or dehisce releasing the powdery pollen grains. The anther plus its supportive filament is the stamen.
Autopolyploids are produced by natural processes or chemical induction.
Border beardeds are mostly from TB breeding. With esthetically pleasing proportion Border Beardeds have larger and wider flowers as well as thicker stalks than the MTBs of similar stalk heights. A seedling with stalks shorter than 27.5” (70 cm) yet TB sized flowers is best used for further hybridizing and not introduced unless it carries unique traits or color of considerable value to other hybridizers. (Ben Hager introduced his excellent parent for modern formed, reliable rebloomers, the very short TB ‘Bonus Mama’)
Bearded irises are called pogon and beardless called apogon (a- means without). The Eupogons (true bearded) have bushy beards with multicelllular hairs while pogons like arils have sparse beards with unicellular hairs. Genetically, long, wide beards are dominant to short, narrow beards.
Our experience is that most pods that are not human pollinated are pollinated by crawling insects, and the offspring of these pods indicate that the flower was more likely to be self pollinated than cross pollinated as can be determined by examining the traits of the offspring.
This broadly general, nonspecific term is ambiguous and does not distinguish the type of color pattern or combination. It does not include color patterns with two different colors in the falls or in the petals and beards.
Neglectas are blue-violet or violet bitones with the falls the darker shade. When the shade difference is slightly visible it is accurately called a minimal bitone. Reverse bitones are when the falls are the lighter shade.
The base of the blade where it encloses the rhizome is the sheath. The narrow base of the flower petal is the claw. It is appropriate for the iris, formerly called the sword lily in the middle east, to have its leaves called blades, arranged in a fan of sword blades like in the grand hall of a castle.
A blend can have the different colors also appearing separately in certain areas. A self can be a blend of two 3 completely mixed colors, such as yellow and violet giving maroon, but it would not be called a blend color pattern.
The border can be white or any of the carotenoid colors or color patterns. Sometimes called a halo or rim when the border is narrow. If the border is very wide it can be called a band or a graded band that is more intensely pigmented on the periphery.
The ground inside the border can be white or have an anthocyanin pigment pattern.
Bracts can develop by the unequal lengthening of the two spathes inclosing the flower cluster.
The red-orange carotene pigment is called lycopene. The authors have coined the term “Carotins” for all these lipid soluble pigments to be used with “Cyanins” for all water soluble pigments. Both terms are three syllable words with first syllable accents to substitute or to be used as synonyms for the five syllable words Carotenoids and Anthocyanins.
Antimitotic chemicals like colchicines can disrupt the spindle fibers and leave the undivided chromosomes (called chromatids) stranded at the metaphase stage mitosis. The replicated pairs of chromosomes shorten over a thousand fold with five fold super coiling to form joined pairs of fingerlike structures that are directly visible with contrast enhancing microscopy. The histone proteins of chromosomes stain with basic dyes for permanent slide preparations. Giemsa staining is used to show distinctive chromosome band patterns.
while wider and flatter in the falls.
Many classics are cultivars with modern wide, ruffled form. 4 The tested and proven classics are all inexpensive and offer the best value for iris growers and beginning hybridizers.
The zones are based on 10 degree F differences divided into an ‘a’ and ‘b’ component of 5 degree F difference with ‘b’ the colder. The combined duration of exposure to cold winter wind and its ability to desiccate and freeze iris blades, roots, and rhizomes can greatly moderate the significance of the assigned climatic zone that are based merely on the lowest temperature on the coldest night.
When divided into separate iris plants, each is an asexually reproduced, genetically identical clone derived from the sexually produced zygote.
Red is across from green, blue across from orange, and yellow across from violet. Mixing complimentary colors from the opposite sides of the color wheel produce darker or grayed tones, or at the extremes of intensity near black. Anthocyanin blue and violet pigment colors are on the opposite side from the carotenoid colors yellow, orange, and red.
This is considered by some hybridizers to be a moderate, more acceptable form of inbreeding than sibling crosses, back crosses on parents, or self crosses.
The crests help the standards shield the stigmatic lip from rain and wind that could dislodge the attached pollen. The crests often are the only flower part possessing laced edges or in fully laced flower the crests usually exhibit the most pronounced lace.
Notes of weather conditions, time of day, and goal being advanced are advantageous. Hybridizers are encouraged to make reverse crosses whenever possible. Irises are not neuter, rather each plant is both male and female at the same time and may be fertile in both directions. It is archaic to term these cross records as ‘stud books.’ Crossing irises is not analogous to a stallion mounting a mare, rather it uses pollen that are gametophyte plants. Most early hybridizers were men but now iris hybridizing is performed by men, women, and children. The actual fertilization occurs between the gametes provided by the two gametophytes, the pollen and ovules. The pollen dauber just helps bring the gametophytes together so that the gametes they produce can unite to form zygotes and develop into sporophyte plants.
usually the product of human hybridization rather than a naturally occurring variety of a species or a natural hybrid of two species. Cultivar names are not Latinized or in italics and are usually enclosed in apostrophe marks. In some publications the cultivar are in bold type to make it easier to single out when scanning the text.
The predominant “cyan” pigments are the anthocyanin; however, there are many other associated pigments and their attached sugars and metal ions that moderate the color perceived, that includes the pH of the central vacuole. These “cyan” pigments and pigment complexes account for the colors we perceive as black, black-violet, violet, blue-violet, blue, maroon, brown, tan, orchid pink, and brick red.
A diploid hybrid, variety, or species has two sets of chromosomes in the growing, flowering sporophyte. A diploid plant has one set of chromosomes in its haploid gametophyte that produces haploid gametes, the egg and sperm nucleus, that unite to form the diploid zygote, embryo, and sporophyte.
Also called the ‘line and speckle’ pattern. Some cultivars lack the lines and have only the distal speckle pattern.
The product of dividing up the interconnected iris clump.
In the nucleus the DNA is chromosomal DNA, and in the cytoplasm it is plasmid DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Here designated with a capital letter (2N: Aa, 4N:Aaaa, AAaa, and AAAa) and the recessive designated as a lower case letter.
Cultivars from EMMA COOK pattern breeding can have this anthocyanin pigmented border much broader or grading from darker pigmentation on the edges to lighter in the center of the falls. These variations are most likely due to modifying genes with dosage effects. Pattern named for the cultivar named for his wife by the originator of this pattern, Paul Cook.
It is a triploid product in diploids or a hexaploid product in tetraploids of the second fertilization when the second sperm nucleus unites with the two polar cells.
The aril is the remnant of the short rod-like funicle (or funiculum) that attached the ovule to the placenta of the ovary that enlarged into the seed stalk in the seed pod. In some cultivars the standards are domed yet also overlap at the top of the dome.
The enzyme can catalyze its reaction at rates of millions per second.
A good example is how the dominant (I) locus for anthocyanin inhibition masks the expression of anthocyanin patterns in both standards and falls or the dominant (Is) locus that masks anthocyanin patterns in the standards but not in the falls.
The falls can hang down, curve under, arch, flare, or horizontally flare. Falls possess median, basal beards. The base of the each beard lies between two nectarines. Falls are modified leaves with a narrow, basal claw and broad, distal blade portion that can vary from rounded to elongate. In the falls, chlorophyll producing green cells are present only on the undersurface at their bases.
The iris fan structure compounds the strength of each blade into a sturdy, erect edifice.
The genotype is two doses of luminata and two doses of plicata allele, also called a “lumiplic,” a shortening of luminata-plicata.
curved. Semi flared is used when a slight arching occurs. Flared falls usually occur in cultivars with strong substance and often with erect or open standards. Formerly called fancies or fancy plicatas.
Flounces can be so convoluted, ruffled, and laced they look like a bouquet or rosette. There are so many variations in flounce form that the terminology to differentiate them has yet to be coined. Compounding the problem of describing types of flounces is their great variability in different climate zones and under various cultural conditions.
This roller coaster fluting greatly exceeds the gentle sinusoidal waves of ruffled petals.
The phenotype is only the expressed alleles and how they have responded to the developmental and environmental constraints. Genotype. All the genetic information of an organism, expressed and not expressed as traits. This is all the information in its chromosomal, mitochondrial, and chloroplast DNA including inserted parasitic DNA as transposons.
The activation of a pollen grain and emergence of the pollen tube in response to the sugar-laden moisture on the stigmatic lip of the style arm.
Can be white, cream, yellow, pink, peach, red-orange, and orange in any carotenoid pigment distribution pattern. Formerly called ices for their translucent qualities.
Term used in describing plicatas, luminatas, and fanciatas.
These visible haft marks plus invisible ultraviolet markings lead pollinators to the nectaries on each side of the base of the falls. Insects and hummingbirds have sensors for these UV patterns. Haft marks serve as guidelines that lead pollinators to the nectaries. These dark haft mark veins can extend in some cultivars different lengths down the falls beyond the beards, even extending the full length of the falls.
Usually, the hybrid iris with such vigor is not sterile like in the case with the mule or triploid or aneuploid iris.
For example, a diploid human with about 25,000 genes has about 5% heterozygosity
Gene loci having more than one allele that are different in the traits they express. Condition in a tetraploid iris where the alleles located at the gene loci on the four homologous chromosomes are not the same, such as TTTt, TTtt, and Tttt, or Tt for a diploid.
You would assume that historic also means historic form. This term has lost part of its meaning as there are now cultivars with modern form nearing this birth date. It may be necessary to establish a cutoff year for the historics at about 1977. Soon, over half of the introductions of our top living hybridizers will be historics.
Condition in a tetraploid iris where all four alleles located at the gene loci on the four homologous chromosomes are the same, such as TTTT, homozygous dominant or tttt, homozygous recessive. In the diploids both alleles, as TT and tt, would be the same.
This fleshy protrusion often ends in a point. A “fuzzy horn” is covered with short hairs like those in the beards.
IBs are hybrid cultivars derived from crossing SDBs and MTBs, BBs, and TBs that have 16 (2 sets of 8) chromosomes from the SDB parent and 24 (two sets of 12) chromosomes from the MTB, BB, or TB parent for a total of 40 chromosomes. The unmatched sets of chromosomes from the two parents called amphidiploids may not independently assort in meiosis so they behave as if they were diploids, with twice the number of chromosomes. IBs range from infertile, to slightly fertile, or fertile.
Increases are called ‘new growths’. The increases formed at the toe end of the rhizome are rounded and bulb-like (called ‘bulblets’) and break off easily like the bulblets of Asiatic lilies or rice of bulbous irises. Bulblets can be broken off or break off naturally to produce new, independent plants.
Internodes vary from very short in the rhizome and in flower pedicels, to very long in the developing flower stalk peduncle, and various intermediate lengths in the branches and spur sections of the stalk.
Human being who has a benign case of the iris virus. Citizen of the Iris World or Iris Kingdom sometimes called Irisdom. An iris fanatic is an irisarian who grows more iris cultivars than you do. An irisarian who is “cutting back” is one who is increasing their iris collection at a slower rate and replacing fewer of the cultivars that are lost to natural causes.
So far, all luminatas have been shown to have two doses of recessive luminata allele plus two doses of recessive glaciata allele. To date no luminata with four doses of recessive luminata have been demonstrated by test crosses with glaciatas. The luminata pattern may take strong back lighting to delineate the lighter venation in darkly pigmented cultivars. The ground color can be any carotenoid color or color pattern.
Formerly termed a “belly line” by those who did not consider a midline stripe an attractive, enhancing trait, especially when combined with a space age beard appendage.
In the second division the homologous chromosomes of each set unite linearly (synapse), undergo crossover of segments of chromosomes, and then separate so as to independently assort to each divided cell. Meiosis reduces the diploid (2N) number of sets of chromosomes to the haploid (1N) number; tetraploid (4N) sets are reduced to the diploid (2N) number. In tetraploids compared to diploids meiosis occurs with a higher number of crossover events yielding more potential for diversity of expressed traits in the offspring.
Mitosis is orchestrated by the spindle fibers that move the divided and condensed chromosomes united in pairs (then called chromatids) to the cell’s equatorial plate and then distribute the chromosomes to each new cell. The phases of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
May have dainty, petite tailored flowers. Some modern MDBs have long flowering clumps with multiple buds and even branched stalks, wide and ruffled flowers that form a carpet of color over the short, thin foliage. A few choice MDBs are rebloomers blooming in fall borders in front of and with the taller classes of rebloomers.
As modern form reaches its zenith of width, substance, ruffling, fluting, and lace this defined term “moderns” will lose its meaning. This most modern form will become “zenith” form with other flower forms becoming the vanguard of advancement of form in bearded iris. This is presently happening with the need to add to modern form beautiful beard appendages. Stalks with giant single flowers as in Dahlia for florist use and long-pointed spider form as in daylilies may be the new novelty forms and become the new “moderns.” Modern form for each bearded iris classification is what the majority of present day AIS garden judges prefer as mandated by the current judges handbook prepared by the AIS directors and board. The requirements for TBs are the most restrictive and obstructive for encouraging advancements.
Formerly called table irises developed to have no fragrance. Modern MTB cultivars can be rebloomers, possess pleasant fragrances, winter hardy and disease resistant, and play an important role in the garden border and in table arrangements.
The change can be in nuclear chromosome structure and number or the chromosomal DNA code, as well as mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, and plasmid DNA. Also, the genetic change can come from a parasite retrovirus gene converted by reverse transcriptase from RNA to DNA and inserted into the host nuclear DNA, that can change position as a transposon or “jumping gene’. The mutation can be somatic in a nongerminal cell and be transferred to its asexually reproduced offspring, the clone, or in a germinal cell transferred to sexually reproduced offspring, the sporophyte embryo.
There are six nectaries in each iris flower.
In some neglectas the bases and midribs of the standards are nearly as pigmented as the falls.
Octaploids are usually sterile being unable to produce viable tetraploid gametes. This sterility is caused by the failure of all eight homologous chromosomes to synapse and distribute properly in meiosis.
They are now correctly called spring bloomers (SB) for their outstanding performance in the spring season.
In bearded irises the ovary is termed inferior as it is below the other flower parts. The ovary is enclosed in a pair of spathes at the base of this iris flower that is termed perfect as it has both male (stamen) and female (pistil) parts.
An ovule has sporophyte coverings, two integuments and the nucellus that surround the embryo sac (macrogametophyte) that contains the egg cell and two polar cells. The ovule is connected to the central placenta of the ovary by a slender feeding tube, the funiculus. The egg cell unites with one sperm nucleus to form the zygote that develops into the sporophyte embryo. The two polar cells unite with the other sperm nucleus to form the endosperm nourishment material that feed the embryo as it germinates. This double fertilization is unique to higher green plants
--++ ---- Pedicel. (pedal it cell) The very short stalk of the flower extending to the base of the ovary.
Irisarians often use the convenient term “petals” for the perianth.
-- BobPries - 12 Feb 2019
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